Տուարեգները. կյանքը մայր իշխանության պայմաններում (լուսանկարներ)
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Տուարեգները. կյանքը մայր իշխանության պայմաններում

Տուարեգների կանայք ավելի շատ իրավունքներ ունեն, քան  եվրոպական ցանկացած երկրի բնակչուհի, իսկ Տուարեգ տղամարդիկ պարտավոր են ծածկել իրենց դեմքը:

Սա աշխարհի միակ ժողովուրդն է, ուր տղամարդիկ պարտավոր են ծածկել իրենց դեմքը: Հասունության տարիքին հասնելուն պես, երիտասարդներն իրենց հորից երկու բան են ստանում. սուր և դիմածածկ շոր, որը հանելու իրավունք ունեն միայն սիրուհու կամ կնոջ ներկայությամբ:

Իսկ կանայք կարող են դեմքները չծածկել, ունեն սեռական ազատություն: Ունեն ազատության հատուկ կարգավիճակ, գիշերը միշտ տղամարդու հսկողության տակ պետք է գտնվեն: Տուարեգ կանայք ունեն իրենց տնտեսությունը, իսկ ապահարզանի ժամանակ, իրենք են որոշում, թե ինչպես պետք է կիսել ունեցվածքը: Այսպիսով, նրանք շատ ավելի ազատ են եվրոպացի կանանցից:

Տուարեգներին հաճախ անվանում են «կապույտ ժողովուրդ», քանի որ իրենց ազգային հագուստը մուգ կապտավուն է:

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TAMANARANSSET, SOUTHERN ALGERIA, APRIL 2009: Tuareg elders visit the monument to the Battle of Tit, the final showdown between the French and the Tuareg in 1902, Tamanarasset, Southern Algeria, 14th April 2009. The sign spells out "Allah" in Arabic, an anomoly as the Tuareg speak their own language of Tamashek. Seventy French soldiers used their firepower to overwhelm over 300 Tuareg warriors who rode down on them on Camels wielding spears and swords. This battle is seen as the final confrontation between the French occupiers and the prideful Tuareg after a long costly campaign. Tamanarasset is a former Tuareg town which has now been taken over by Algerian Arabs as well as many other immigrant groups, partly as a result of the Algerian Civil War and also as a strategic economic and military base for the Algerian government. (Photo by Brent Stirton/National Geographic.)

TAMANARANSSET, SOUTHERN ALGERIA, APRIL 2009: A Tuareg man pours tea in the traditional way in a courtyard in Tamanarasset, Southern Algeria, 14th April 2009. Tamanarasset is a former Tuareg town which has now been taken over by Algerian Arabs as well as many other immigrant groups, partly as a result of the Algerian Civil War and also as a strategic economic and military base for the Algerian government. (Photo by Brent Stirton/National Geographic.)

TIMBUKTU, MALI, JANUARY 2010: Two Tuareg men drive a traditional Camel caravan laiden with salt tablets on twenty camels making the 16 day journey through the desert from Taodenni, a salt mine in the north of Mali, to the home of an Arab businessman in Timbuktu, Mali, 22 January 2010. The salt industry is in transition, long the province of the Tuareg and their camel caravanss, modernization has seen the Arabs come to dominate this trade, using powerful trucks to transport the salt over the desert in a tenth of the traditional time with far more salt onboard. As a result the camel caravans are now seen as the poor man's alternative and trucks are more and more the route of the future. Disputes between the clans of the Tuareg have also seen the caravans become far smaller, they are no longer incentivised to work together for a large caravan and it is rare to see a caravan of more than 20 camels nowadays. Everytime the caravan stops, the camels must be unloaded and it is hard and brutal work, many young Tuaregs would rather do something else or work with the Arab traders and their trucks. The Tuareg men on this caravan feel that the trade will continue on camels but that it will be the poor who undertake the long, arduous journey as they have no alternative. Ironically, most of the route with the exception of two small zones is now undertaken by the camel caravan on the same road that is used by the trucks. (Photo by Brent Stirton/Reportage by Getty images.)

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Le vent de sable et de poussiиre, l'harmattan, venu du Sahara, soulиve les tignasses hirsutes des jeunes garзons qui ne portent pas encore le voile.Vallйe d'In Waggar, au nord d'Abalak (arrondissement de Tchin-Tabaraden), dйcembre 1967.

TIMBUKTU, MALI, JANUARY 2010: Two Tuareg men drive a traditional Camel caravan laiden with salt tablets on twenty camels making the 16 day journey through the desert from Taodenni, a salt mine in the north of Mali, to the home of an Arab businessman in Timbuktu, Mali, 22 January 2010. The salt industry is in transition, long the province of the Tuareg and their camel caravanss, modernization has seen the Arabs come to dominate this trade, using powerful trucks to transport the salt over the desert in a tenth of the traditional time with far more salt onboard. As a result the camel caravans are now seen as the poor man's alternative and trucks are more and more the route of the future. Disputes between the clans of the Tuareg have also seen the caravans become far smaller, they are no longer incentivised to work together for a large caravan and it is rare to see a caravan of more than 20 camels nowadays. Everytime the caravan stops, the camels must be unloaded and it is hard and brutal work, many young Tuaregs would rather do something else or work with the Arab traders and their trucks. The Tuareg men on this caravan feel that the trade will continue on camels but that it will be the poor who undertake the long, arduous journey as they have no alternative. Ironically, most of the route with the exception of two small zones is now undertaken by the camel caravan on the same road that is used by the trucks. (Photo by Brent Stirton/Reportage by Getty images.)

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INGAL, NIGER, OCTOBER 2009: Scenes at a Baptism in a Tuareg Nomad camp, Ingal Region, Niger, 11 October 2009. Tuareg Baptism is very simple, three names are discussed by elders and then straws are drawn to choose the final name. The women perform a ritual of walking around the tent in a line with the leading woman brandishing two knives to symbolically cut away misfortune from the future of the child. The women then dance and sing and play the drums while men prepare goat mead and drink tea and discuss things while people visit from the surrounding nomad camps. Tuareg Nomads have two traditional priorities, their animals and access to water. This group has moved to this region at this time to enjoy the remaining good grassland of the rainy season and will soon move again to be close to a good water source. The nomads survive on a diet of millet and camel milk which is occasionally supplemented by goat meat. (Photo by Brent Stirton/National Geographic.)

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A nomadic family at a well south of Agadez water their animals in the intense midday heat. The donkeys in the distance have pulled the sack up; the husband and wife at the well then pour the water into the circular troughs. They take their own supplies back to the campsite in the jerry cans. They are a poor family, with no camels, but having just enough animals to maintain them in 'the bush'. The main objective of the day is to get through it with enough food and water. ONGs help some nomads with well construction but survival is always tough. Modernising wells suchas these with pumps could revolutionise the nomads' harsh existance ©Photograph by Henrietta Butler Tel. 07887 803157

INGAL, NIGER, OCTOBER 2009: Early morning scenes in a Tuareg Nomad camp of 9 families, Ingal Region, Niger, 11 October 2009. Tuareg Nomads have two traditional priorities, their animals and access to water. This group has moved to this region at this time to enjoy the remaining good grassland of the rainy season and will soon move again to be close to a good water source and grazing for their goats, camels, cows and donkeys. Every morning the animals are milked and then walked to water at a busy well 3 kilometers away. The main family in this group is Amitame Bouloume and his wife Bitti Taowa, the other families are all their relatives. They have been utilising this camp area since 1984. There is a well here which was originally build for a nomad school but which now supports a number of nomad groups in the region. Amitame says, "Living in the city is like living in prison. Nomads love this way of life. If we have easy access to water then everything is good. Our only concern is healthcare for our children and for pregnant women and water for our animals." The nomads survive on a diet of millet and camel milk which is occasionally supplemented by goat meat. (Photo by Brent Stirton/National Geographic.)

Touareg man in traditional indigo turban, Niger 11/05. The Touareg also call themselves Kel Tagelmoust, 'people of the veil' - men must cover their faces and mouths and prestige or respect can be measured by how high the veil is worn. Men can only, politely, be fully seen by their closest relatives. Women, contrary to most Muslim societies, do not veil their faces. The indigo dye rubs off onto the skin giving the skin a blueish appearance - it will have certainly stained this man's face underneath his veil - leading to the French colonialists nick-name for the Touareg of 'The Blue Men of the Desert'. The staining is intentional, indicating wealth, as the cloth is expensive. ©Photograph by Henrietta Butler Tel. +44 (0)7887 803157

DJANET, ALGERIA, 3 MAY: A Tuareg man poses with the sword handed to the Tuareg leader by the French after the Tuareg were finally defeated at the battle of Tit, photographed in the desert outside the Tuareg town of Djanet, on April 9, 2009. (Photo by Brent Stirton/National Geographic.)

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TIMBUKTU, TIN-TELOUT VILLAGE, SEPTEMBER 2009: Tin-Telout Tuareg village scenes on the outskirts of Timbuktu, September 10, 2009. This village is made up of sedentary Tuareg people who fled the Tuareg Rebellion and subsequent Mali Tuareg purges. They lived as refugees in Mauritania in poor conditions, having left all their possesions and livestock behind when they fled Mali. They only returned to Mali after the peace accord was signed and their leader had personally been back to see for himself if it was safe. They now live sedentary lives alongside Songhay people in Tin-Telout raising goats and cattle, they have adoped this sedentary practise as a joint result of long periods of drought and instability. (Photo by Brent Stirton/National Geographic.)

TOUWA, NIGER, SEPTEMBER 2009: A young Tuareg girl, Mariam Francois Acosta, 17, a girl descended from mixed Tuareg French blood, prepares for her wedding in the Niger city of Touwa, Spetember 25 2009. She is tended by the female members of her family and her friends. It is similar to a traditional wedding except for the nature of the clothing which is worn. She is dressed and made up, a meal is eaten, there is dancing with a Tuareg band on electric guitars, everyone goes to the Mosque at 3pm to give thanks for the wedding and after that she is considered married. That evening a party is thrown with more music and dancing. The bride and groom do not appear together for an official nuptials, it all occurs seperately. The name of the groom is Ibrahim Mahmoudane. (Photo by Brent Stirton/National Geographic.)

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